Khedive’s Sudan Medal 1910

 

General Service In The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1910 - 1922.

 

Further relevant historical context can be found at the foot of this entry.

 

 

The Khedive's Sudan Medal was a British Empire campaign medal presented to those who participated in operations in the Egyptian Sudan for which no other separate medal was intended. The medal was instituted in 1911 and was awarded by the Khedivate of Egypt for service in Egyptian Sudan between 1910 and 1921 for operations as defined by clasps worn on the medal ribbon.

 

This medal replaced the Khedive's Sudan Medal 1897.

 

 

The medal is circular, 36mm in diameter and was struck in either silver or bronze. There were two versions of the obverse, one from 1910 to 1916 which bears the Arabic cypher of the Khedive Abba Hilmi the Mohammedan year of its establishment; ‘1328’ (1910) and one from 1916 onwards which bears the Arabic cypher of the Khedive Hussain Kamil and the Mohammedan year of its establishment; ‘1335’ (1916).

 

The reverse depicts a lion standing on a plinth with the inscription; 'SUDAN'.

 

The ribbon suspender is of the plain, straight and swivelling style riveted to the medal.

 

The medal was issued un-named but on some of the second type that were issued, the recipient's details can be found on the medal's rim impressed in sans serif capitals.

 

 

 

The ribbon is 32mm wide and is black in colour with a narrow green and red stripe along either edge.

 

 

This medal was issued with the following clasps:-

 

 

Further relevant historical context can be found at the foot of this entry.

 

 

 

* It should be noted that the values quoted above reflect the average price that a medal dealer may expect to sell this medal for - please see the ‘things you should know’ web page for more details about valuing medals.

 

** Due to the large number of clasps available for this medal, the value for medals which contains certain clasps will vary considerably.

 

 

This section contains information on:-

 

- Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.

- The Darfur Expedition Of 1916.

- The Aliab Dinka Uprising.

- The Dinka People.

- The Nuer People.

- The Nymang People.

 

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan - Anglo-Egyptian Sudan referred to the manner by which Sudan was administered between 1899 and 1956, when it was a condominium of Egypt and the United Kingdom.

 

In 1820, the Egyptian wāli Muhammad Ali Pasha army commanded by his son Ismail Pasha invaded and conquered northern Sudan. The region had longstanding linguistic, cultural, religious, and economic ties to Egypt and had been partially under the same government at intermittent periods since the times of the pharaohs. Muhammad Ali was aggressively pursuing a policy of expanding his power with a view to possibly supplanting the Ottoman Empire (to which he technically owed fealty) and saw Sudan as a valuable addition to his Egyptian dominions.

 

During his reign and that of his successors, Egypt and Sudan came to be administered as one political entity, with all ruling members of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty seeking to preserve and extend the '…unity of the Nile Valley'. This policy was expanded and intensified most notably by Muhammad Ali's grandson, Ismail Pasha, under whose reign most of the remainder of modern-day Sudan was conquered.

 

With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt and Sudan's economic and strategic importance increased enormously, attracting the imperial attentions of the Great Powers, particularly the United Kingdom. Ten years later in 1879, the immense foreign debt of Ismail Pasha's government served as the pretext for the Great Powers to force his abdication and replacement by his son Tewfik Pasha.

 

The manner of Tewfik's ascension at the hands of foreign powers greatly angered Egyptian and Sudanese nationalists who resented the ever-increasing influence of European governments and merchants in the affairs of the country.

 

The situation was compounded by Tewfik's perceived corruption and mismanagement and ultimately culminated in the Orabi Revolt. With the survival of his throne in dire jeopardy, Tewfik appealed for British assistance. In 1882, at Tewfik's invitation, the British bombarded Alexandria, Egypt's and Sudan's primary seaport, and subsequently invaded the country.

 

British forces overthrew the Orabi government in Cairo and proceeded to occupy the rest of Egypt and Sudan in 1882. Though officially the authority of Tewfik had been restored, in reality the British largely took control of Egyptian and Sudanese affairs until 1932

 

This information was taken from ‘Wikipedia’. The original article and details of the authors can be found here. It is reproduced on this web-site under the ‘creative commons’ licence which can be found here.

 

The Darfur Expedition Of 1916 - Darfur is a region in western Sudan. It was an independent sultanate for several hundred years, incorporated into Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1916. The region is divided into five federal states: Central Darfur, East Darfur, North Darfur, South Darfur and West Darfur.

 

The Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition of 1916, was a military operation by forces from the British Empire and the Sultanate of Egypt, launched as a pre-emptive invasion of the Sultanate of Darfur.

 

The British and Egyptian expedition was undertaken because they believed that the Darfurian leader, Sultan Ali Dinar, was preparing to invade Anglo-Egyptian controlled Sudan.

 

This information was taken from ‘Wikipedia’. The original article and details of the authors can be found here. It is reproduced on this web-site under the ‘creative commons’ licence which can be found here.

 

The Aliab Dinka Uprising - In 1919 the Aliab Dinka country lay within the Mongalla Province of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. There was an uprising of the Aliab Dinka that year. 3,000 Dinka men attacked the police post at Mekamon, near Bor, and killed several policemen.

 

Mandari tribesmen in the region to the south attacked at the same time and killed some telegraph linesmen and police. Lieutenant Colonel Richard Finch White took several companies of the Egyptian Army Equatorial Battalion to the area to handle the situation.

 

The Mongalla province Governor Chauncey Hugh Stigand went on patrol himself, and on 8 December 1919 was killed at Pap, between the Lau River and the White Nile.

 

Two other officers and 24 soldiers and porters were speared to death by 1,000 Dinka warriors. The rising was put down harshly in 1920. A force under Colonel Robert Henry Darwall led the punitive expedition, which killed over 400 Dinka, Atwot and Mandari tribesmen, burnt many villages and took about 7,000 cattle.

 

Stigand's successor Vincent Reynolds Woodland wrote that 'The Government has done nothing for the Aliab. It has not protected them from aggression, has given them no economic benefits...it has forced them to do a certain amount of labour, to pay taxes and to endure a not negligible amount of extortion by police'.

 

However, although he removed the Egyptian ma'mur at Minkammon who had triggered the Aliab revolt through his abuses, Woodland did not appoint a replacement. The Aliab Dinka were left with no administration at all.

 

This information was taken from ‘Wikipedia’. The original article and details of the authors can be found here. It is reproduced on this web-site under the ‘creative commons’ licence which can be found here.

 

The Dinka People - The Dinka people are an ethnic group inhabiting the Bahr el Ghazal region of the Nile basin, Jonglei and parts of southern Kordufan and Upper Nile regions. They are mainly agripastoral people, relying on cattle herding at riverside camps in the dry season and growing millet (awuou) and other varieties of grains (rap) in fixed settlements during the rainy season.

 

They number around 4.5 million people according to the 2008 Sudan census, constituting about 18% of the population of the entire country, and the largest ethnic tribe in South Sudan. Dinka, or as they refer to themselves, Muonyjang (singular) and jieng (plural), are one of the branches of the River Lake Nilotes (mainly sedentary agripastoral peoples of the Nile Valley and African Great Lakes region who speak Nilotic languages, including the Nuer and Luo).

 

Dinka are sometimes noted for their height. With the Tutsi of Rwanda, they are believed to be the tallest people in Africa. The Dinka people have no centralised political authority, instead comprising many independent but interlinked clans. Certain of those clans traditionally provide ritual chiefs, known as the ‘masters of the fishing spear’ or beny-bith, who provide leadership for the entire people and appear to be at least in part hereditary.

 

Their language called Dinka, is one of the Nilotic languages of the eastern Sudanic language family. The name means 'people' in the Dinka language. It is written using the Latin alphabet with a few additions.

 

This information was taken from ‘Wikipedia’. The original article and details of the authors can be found here. It is reproduced on this web-site under the ‘creative commons’ licence which can be found here.

 

The Nuer People - The Nuer people are a Nilotic ethnic group primarily inhabiting the Nile Valley. They are concentrated in South Sudan, with some representatives also found in southwestern Ethiopia. They speak the Nuer language, which belongs to the Nilo-Saharan family.

 

The nature of relations among the various southern Sudanese tribes were greatly affected in the 19th century by the intrusion of Ottomans, Arabs, and eventually the British.

 

Some ethnic groups made their accommodation with the imperial attackers and others did not, in effect pitting one southern ethnic group against another in the context of foreign rule. For example, some sections of the Dinka were more accommodating to British rule than were the Nuer.

 

The Dinka treated the resisting Nuer as hostile, and hostility developed between the two groups as a result of their differing relationships to the British.

 

This information was taken from ‘Wikipedia’. The original article and details of the authors can be found here. It is reproduced on this web-site under the ‘creative commons’ licence which can be found here.

 

The Nymang People - Before 1917, during the war against the British, the current Sultan Agabna, led the Nymang against the colonial rulers. He lost the fight and was hanged in 1917.

 

At that time the Nuba Mountains were ruled by Kujurs. All Kujurs were ruled by sultans but each hill had self-rule without too much interference from the sultan. In 1954, when Sudan prepared to gain independence, Mekks (chiefs) were appointed for each hill.

 

A Nazir was appointed as the ruler of the Mekks. The Sultan still kept his position, but was without power.

 

This information was taken from ‘Wikipedia’. The original article and details of the authors can be found here. It is reproduced on this web-site under the ‘creative commons’ licence which can be found here.